References & Provenance is Lunologium’s complete source archive: the books, papers, public datasets, institutional records, software, and cultural works that inform its calculations, visualizations, research claims, and interpretive experiences. Each entry is labeled by epistemic role so observed telemetry, mathematical models, scholarship, tradition, and practice are not presented as the same kind of knowledge.

The archive is intentionally broader than the selected reading shelf on the methodology page. Route-level citations remain attached to the claims and instruments they support; this index provides the navigable ledger behind them.

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✦ARCHIVUM • REFERENCES & PROVENANCE
Canonical source ledgerMMXXVI

Every instrument has a lineage.

A transparent index of what Lunologium calculates, measures, reads, inherits, and refuses to conflate.

48indexed
23scholarly
11data / orgs

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Layer48 / 48 records
DatasetModeled

Admin 0 country boundaries / World Atlas 2.0.2

Natural Earth / World Atlas contributors

Generalized country names and geometry for the astrocartography map. Natural Earth data are public domain; boundary conventions are geographic context, not an endorsement of territorial claims.

Natural Earth. (n.d.). Admin 0 country boundaries (1:110m). World Atlas 2.0.2. https://github.com/topojson/world-atlas

DatasetModeled

World Dark Gray Reference

Esri, HERE, Garmin, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

Place-name tiles on the astrocartography map. Separate from Natural Earth country geometry and the planetary calculations; this service is not classified as public-domain imagery.

Esri. (n.d.). World Dark Gray Reference [Map service]. https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/Canvas/World_Dark_Gray_Reference/MapServer

BookModeled

Astronomical Algorithms (2nd ed.)

Jean Meeus · 1998

Closed-form foundations for solar and lunar positions, phase geometry, and eclipse calculations.

Meeus, J. (1998). Astronomical algorithms (2nd ed.). Willmann-Bell.

DatasetObserved

JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Solar System Dynamics Group

Numerical ephemeris benchmark for geocentric and topocentric celestial coordinates.

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (n.d.). JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System.

InstitutionModeled

Astronomical Applications Department

U.S. Naval Observatory

Reference standards for rise/set timing, twilight, and observational sky calculations.

U.S. Naval Observatory. (n.d.). Astronomical Applications Department.

BookModeled

Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac

P. Kenneth Seidelmann & Sean E. Urban (eds.) · 2013

Coordinate systems, reference frames, time scales, and standards used to explain computed sky positions.

Urban, S. E., & Seidelmann, P. K. (Eds.). (2013). Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac (3rd ed.). University Science Books.

Journal articleScholarly source

ELP 2000-82 lunar theory

Michelle Chapront-Touzé & Jean Chapront · 1988

Analytical lunar theory underlying long-range phase, longitude, and libration modeling.

Chapront-Touzé, M., & Chapront, J. (1988). ELP 2000-82: A semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 190, 342–352.

Journal articleScholarly source

New precession expressions valid for long time intervals

Jan Vondrák, Nicole Capitaine & Patrick Wallace · 2011

Long-term precession and reference-frame transformations for tropical, sidereal, and IAU views.

Vondrák, J., Capitaine, N., & Wallace, P. (2011). New precession expressions valid for long time intervals. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 534, A22.

ArchiveModeled

Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses

Fred Espenak & Jean Meeus · 2009

Published eclipse canon used for the long-range lunar eclipse archive.

Espenak, F., & Meeus, J. (2009). Five millennium canon of lunar eclipses: -1999 to +3000. NASA/TP-2009-214173.

Journal articleScholarly source

Final spin states of planets and satellites

Peter Goldreich · 1966

Physical context for synchronous rotation, tidal locking, and the Moon’s rotational state.

Goldreich, P. (1966). Final spin states of planets and satellites. The Astronomical Journal, 71(1), 1–7.

DatasetObserved

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission data

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Orbital imaging, laser altimetry, thermal observations, and landing-site context for the lunar surface atlas.

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. (n.d.). Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission archive.

Journal articleScholarly source

Initial observations from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA)

David E. Smith, Maria T. Zuber, Gregory A. Neumann, et al. · 2010

Primary published basis for the global LOLA topographic grid shown in the atlas and surface studies.

Smith, D. E., Zuber, M. T., Neumann, G. A., et al. (2010). Initial observations from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA). Geophysical Research Letters, 37(18), L18204.

BookScholarly source

Lunar Sourcebook: A User’s Guide to the Moon

Grant Heiken, David Vaniman & Bevan French (eds.) · 1991

Reference work for regolith, petrology, lunar materials, and Apollo sample interpretation.

Heiken, G. H., Vaniman, D. T., & French, B. M. (Eds.). (1991). Lunar sourcebook: A user’s guide to the Moon. Cambridge University Press.

Journal articleScholarly source

Lunar anorthosites and a hypothetical lunar magma ocean

John A. Wood, John S. Dickey, Ursula B. Marvin & B. N. Powell · 1970

Historical geochemical foundation for the lunar highlands and magma-ocean narrative.

Wood, J. A., Dickey, J. S., Marvin, U. B., & Powell, B. N. (1970). Lunar anorthosites and a hypothetical lunar magma ocean. Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference, 1, 965–988.

Journal articleScholarly source

Two billion-year-old volcanism on the Moon from Chang’E-5 basalts

Qiu-Li Li, Qin Zhou, Yu Liu, et al. · 2021

Published geochronology for the young Chang’E-5 basalt represented in the sample atlas.

Li, Q.-L., Zhou, Q., Liu, Y., et al. (2021). Two billion-year-old volcanism on the Moon from Chang’E-5 basalts. Nature, 600, 54–58.

ArchiveObserved

Lunar Sample Catalog

NASA Johnson Space Center Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science

Catalog provenance for sample identifiers, mission context, weights, and published sample records.

NASA Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science. (n.d.). Lunar sample catalog.

DatasetHistorical / cultural

Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

International Astronomical Union & U.S. Geological Survey

Official names, approval dates, feature classes, and namesake provenance for lunar geography.

International Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature. (n.d.). Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.

DatasetObserved

Tides & Currents: CO-OPS station observations

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Measured water levels and harmonic constituents for comparing astronomical tide with storm-surge residuals.

NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services. (n.d.). Tides and currents.

Journal articleScholarly source

Evidence that the lunar cycle influences human sleep

Christian Cajochen, S. Altanay-Şahin, Manfred Münch, et al. · 2013

Controlled laboratory study represented in the skeptical chronobiology matrix.

Cajochen, C., Altanay-Şahin, S., Münch, M., et al. (2013). Evidence that the lunar cycle influences human sleep. Current Biology, 23(15), 1485–1488.

Journal articleScholarly source

Moonstruck sleep: Synchronization of human sleep with the moon cycle under field conditions

L. Casiraghi, I. Spiousas, G. P. Dunster, et al. · 2021

Field and actigraphy evidence connecting sleep timing with lunar illumination and phase.

Casiraghi, L., Spiousas, I., Dunster, G. P., et al. (2021). Moonstruck sleep: Synchronization of human sleep with the moon cycle under field conditions. Science Advances, 7(5), eabe0465.

Journal articleScholarly source

Women temporarily synchronize their menstrual cycles with the luminance and gravimetric cycles of the Moon

C. Helfrich-Förster, S. Monecke, I. Spiousas, et al. · 2021

A research-archive entry whose result should remain explicitly qualified as intermittent and contested rather than universal.

Helfrich-Förster, C., Monecke, S., Spiousas, I., et al. (2021). Women temporarily synchronize their menstrual cycles with the luminance and gravimetric cycles of the Moon. Science Advances, 7(5), eabe1358.

Journal articleScholarly source

Bipolar mood cycles and lunar tidal cycles

Thomas A. Wehr · 2018

Small-sample emerging hypothesis, explicitly labeled as such in the research matrix.

Wehr, T. A. (2018). Bipolar mood cycles and lunar tidal cycles. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(4), 923–931.

Journal articleScholarly source

Synchronous multispecific spawning on coral reefs

R. C. Babcock, G. D. Bull, P. L. Harrison, et al. · 1986

Comparative natural-rhythm example in the research archive.

Babcock, R. C., Bull, G. D., Harrison, P. L., et al. (1986). Synchronous multispecific spawning on coral reefs: Philosophy, evidence and mechanism. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 29, 229–237.

Journal articleScholarly source

Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research

James Rotton & Ivan W. Kelly · 1985

Null finding used to prevent the research archive from presenting lunar folklore as medical fact.

Rotton, J., & Kelly, I. W. (1985). Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 286–306.

Journal articleScholarly source

The influence of the lunar cycle on plant growth

Peter W. Barlow & Jörg Fisahn · 2012

Scholarly context for the garden route, kept distinct from biodynamic practice claims.

Barlow, P. W., & Fisahn, J. (2012). The influence of the lunar cycle on plant growth. Annals of Botany, 110(2), 301–318.

Journal articleScholarly source

Lunar rhythms in forestry traditions

Ernst Rudolf Zürcher · 1999

Verified article replacing the previously unverified book title; useful as a clearly labeled research source, not a general scientific consensus claim.

Zürcher, E. R. (1999). Lunar rhythms in forestry traditions: Lunar-correlated phenomena in tree biology and wood properties. Earth, Moon and Planets, 85–86, 463–478.

Journal articleScholarly source

Are investors moonstruck? Lunar phases and stock returns

Kewei Yuan, Lu Zheng & Qiaoqiao Zhu · 2006

Primary literature for the Market Tides lunar-return comparison.

Yuan, K., Zheng, L., & Zhu, Q. (2006). Are investors moonstruck? Lunar phases and stock returns. Journal of Empirical Finance, 13(1), 1–23.

Working paperScholarly source

Lunar cycle effects in stock returns

Ilia D. Dichev & Troy D. Janes · 2001

Early empirical comparison used alongside later market-return studies.

Dichev, I. D., & Janes, T. D. (2001). Lunar cycle effects in stock returns. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Journal articleScholarly source

The lunar effect on cryptocurrency returns and volatility

E. Akyildirim, Ö. Çepni, S. Corbet & G. S. Uddin · 2021

Crypto-market comparison source; not a trading recommendation.

Akyildirim, E., Cepni, O., Corbet, S., & Uddin, G. S. (2021). The lunar effect on cryptocurrency returns and volatility. International Review of Financial Analysis, 78, 101904.

BookHistorical / cultural

Stock Market Prediction: The Planetary Barometer

Donald A. Bradley · 1947

Historical astrology-and-markets source shown as archival context, never as validated predictive finance.

Bradley, D. A. (1947). Stock market prediction: The planetary barometer. Llewellyn Publications.

Journal articleScholarly source

Is Mercury in retrograde? Examining superstitious beliefs in international equity returns

R. K. Brahmana, C. W. Hooy & Z. Ahmad · 2012

Behavioral-finance literature used to frame astrological-market claims as testable historical hypotheses.

Brahmana, R. K., Hooy, C. W., & Ahmad, Z. (2012). Is Mercury in retrograde? Examining superstitious beliefs in international equity returns. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 13(4), 289–301.

Working paperScholarly source

Playing the field: Geomagnetic storms and the stock market

Anna Krivelyova & Cesare Robotti · 2003

Historical comparison between environmental cycles and market returns; not a causal or trading claim.

Krivelyova, A., & Robotti, C. (2003). Playing the field: Geomagnetic storms and the stock market (Working Paper 2003-5b). Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.

BookHistorical / cultural

Astrology and Stock Market Forecasting

Louise McWhirter · 1938

Historical source preserved for lineage and comparison, not treated as empirical evidence.

McWhirter, L. (1938). Astrology and stock market forecasting. American Federation of Astrologers.

DatasetScholarly source

Kenneth R. French Data Library

Kenneth R. French, Dartmouth College

Contextual reading only. Lunologium does not fetch or use the Kenneth R. French Data Library in either generated Markets dataset or its calendar-controlled OLS analysis.

French, K. R. (n.d.). Kenneth R. French Data Library.

DatasetModeled

Yahoo Finance historical market data

Yahoo Finance

Historical source reviewed during a rights audit. Yahoo-acquired market records are not currently published by Lunologium, and no public-display, derived-output, raw-redistribution, or repository license is inferred from public visibility. See the data-rights review before considering any future source.

Yahoo Finance. (n.d.). Historical market data [Data set]. https://finance.yahoo.com/

SoftwareScholarly source

scipy.stats.permutation_test

SciPy contributors

Technical reference for pooled independent-sample permutation tests and the plus-one adjustment for randomized p-values. Lunologium implements the method locally in TypeScript and does not import SciPy: 1,000 seeded Fisher–Yates shuffles without replacement preserve New Moon / Full Moon octant group sizes. Its empirical p = (count(|draw| >= |observed|) + 1) / 1001 uses an absolute-statistic two-sided convention, which differs from SciPy's default twice-the-smaller-tail convention. Exchangeability is assumed; serial dependence and multiple comparisons are not controlled.

SciPy contributors. (n.d.). scipy.stats.permutation_test. SciPy documentation. https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.permutation_test.html

SoftwareScholarly source

Ordinary least squares (OLS)

statsmodels developers

Technical reference for ordinary least squares with an explicitly supplied intercept and covariates. Lunologium implements the equivalent OLS coefficient calculation locally in TypeScript and does not import statsmodels. It compares New Moon with Full Moon 45-degree octants, controlling for weekday, calendar month, and calendar turn of month (dates 1–3 or the final calendar date). The coefficient is a descriptive conditional association in percentage points, not a causal effect or a robust-significance claim.

statsmodels developers. (n.d.). Ordinary least squares. statsmodels documentation. https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/generated/statsmodels.regression.linear_model.OLS.html

DatasetModeled

Market Observatory: Lunar phase profiles and observed coverage (Version 2)

Evelyna Bellamy · 2026

Release-status manifest for the formerly planned Market Observatory. The prior provider-derived artifact is withheld; this endpoint does not publish historical observations or derived statistics until source rights are established.

Bellamy, E. (2026). Market Observatory: Lunar phase profiles and observed coverage (Version 2) [Data set]. Lunologium. https://lunologium.com/api/market-observatory.json

BookHistorical / cultural

Cosmos

Carl Sagan · 1980

Cultural and editorial influence on presenting astronomy as both disciplined inquiry and human wonder.

Sagan, C. (1980). Cosmos. Random House.

BookHistorical / cultural

Moon: Art, Science, Culture

Alexandra Loske & Robert Massey · 2018

Cultural-history reference for the Moon’s visual, scientific, and symbolic life.

Loske, A., & Massey, R. (2018). Moon: Art, science, culture. Octopus Publishing Group.

BookInterpretive / practice

The Biodynamic Year

Maria Thun · 2010

Historical practice text for the garden route; included as a tradition, not as validated lunar agronomy.

Thun, M. (2010). The biodynamic year. Temple Lodge Press.

BookInterpretive / practice

The Moon Book: Lunar Magic to Change Your Life

Sarah Faith Gottesdiener · 2020

Contemporary interpretive influence for reflective and ritual experiences; not an astronomy source.

Gottesdiener, S. F. (2020). The moon book: Lunar magic to change your life. St. Martin’s Essentials.

BookInterpretive / practice

Lunar Abundance

Ezzie Spencer · 2018

Practice-oriented influence for eight-phase reflection and intention-setting; not a predictive model.

Spencer, E. (2018). Lunar abundance: Cultivating joy, peace, and purpose using the phases of the Moon. Running Press.

DatasetTechnical dependency

OpenAlex scholarly knowledge graph

OurResearch

Bibliographic discovery and citation-metadata layer behind the research archive.

OurResearch. (n.d.). OpenAlex: An open catalog of the global research system.

SoftwareTechnical dependency

lunarphase-js

Open-source JavaScript project

Client-side phase classification dependency named in the computational methodology.

lunarphase-js. (n.d.). JavaScript lunar phase calculation library.

SoftwareTechnical dependency

Astronomy Engine

Don Cross

Open-source computational dependency for high-precision solar-system positions and events.

Cross, D. (n.d.). Astronomy Engine: High-precision astronomy library.

ArchiveObserved

NASA Image and Video Library

NASA

Source and rights-context archive for the attributed historical lunar imagery used across the site.

NASA. (n.d.). NASA Image and Video Library.

✦LEGENDUM • HOW TO READ THE ARCHIVE

Source roles

A dataset records measurements. A model computes a result. A paper evaluates a claim. A cultural or practice work documents a human relationship with the Moon.

Epistemic boundaries

Inclusion does not equal endorsement. Practice and tradition entries are not scientific validation, medical guidance, or financial advice.

Editorial shelf

The methodology page keeps a smaller selected shelf for human orientation. This archive is the complete, route-linked ledger.